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Quantum fluctuations in space, science, exploration and other cosmic fields... served up regularly by MSNBC.com science editor Alan Boyle since 2002.

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Crashing galaxies win contest

Posted: Monday, March 02, 2009 4:40 PM by Alan Boyle


Halton C. Arp / NED / Caltech
Hubble's team will improve upon this
black-and-white view of the interacting
galaxies known as Arp 274.

The people have spoken, and that means the tangled-up group of galaxies known as Arp 274 will get an exclusive photo shoot with the Hubble Space Telescope. The interacting galaxies won almost half of the 139,944 votes cast in the Hubble team's first-ever "People's Choice" ballot.

Arp 274, which appears to be a cosmic smash-up involving two (or maybe three) galaxies, has never been seen before in high resolution. It was one of six astronomical targets offered for consideration by the Hubble team over the past month in its "You Decide" contest.

When all was said and done, Arp 274 garnered 67,021 votes by Sunday's deadline. Its closest competitor was the beautiful spiral galaxy NGC 5172 (with 26,987 votes), which could well deserve the full Hubble treatment as well.

It shouldn't come as a surprise that the interacting galaxies were the winners. "Hubble has shown that interacting galaxies are very photogenic because, under the relentless pull of gravity, they weave elegant twisted lanes of dust and stars, and brilliant blue clusters of newborn stars," the Hubble team said in today's announcement of the winner.

In his buildup to the vote, astronomer Frank Summers of the Space Telescope Science Institute said that the details of the galactic tangle can't be seen well in the black-and-white imagery that's been taken to date. "I guarantee you, when Hubble takes a look at this, you'll be able to see all sorts of detail in these interacting galaxies," he said.

Hubble will release its full-color picture during the "100 Hours of Astronomy" celebration, scheduled April 2-5 as part of the International Year of Astronomy. That view will no doubt be added to a wide array of cool cosmic crash scenes that have been captured over the years. Here's a sampling that should whet your appetite for April's stunner:

  • Arp 87's starry tangle has a seductive look to it, but it might have been a stretch to say the scene was "X-rated." Maybe I just had an overactive imagination at the time.

  • Two colliding galaxies provide a preview of what our Milky Way and the nearby Andromeda Galaxy might be doing billions of years from now. The Spitzer Space Telescope's infrared view makes the galactic pairing look like a party mask for Halloween (or Mardi Gras).

  • "The Mice" are a classic pair of long-tailed galaxies captured by Hubble's camera. The starry tails, extending out for thousands of light-years, have been pulled into existence by gravitational interactions between the galaxies.

  • For much, much more, check out this gallery of interacting galaxies at the University of Alabama as well as our own growing space gallery.   

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Question: I have read articles that say the stars are so far apart that colliding galaxies will never actually have stars crashing into each other. However, every picture I see of colliding galaxies sure looks like it to me. I’m I missing something or just reading the wrong articles?

[ALAN ADDS: No, that's a good point that I sometimes forget to mention when I talk about crashing galaxies. You're correct that the interactions very rarely involve physical collisions between the individual stars. Rather, the gravitational fields cause perturbations in the movements of the stars that make it look like the galaxies are crashing together - and really, they are. Some of the simulations show how the interacting galaxies spin off long tails or new swirls of stars. Also the pressure of the interstellar gas from two galaxies leads to waves of starbirth - which we're sure to see in the picture that is going to be taken of Arp 274.]
wow cool picture
i didnt vote for this particular image but i think its great that the public has a say in what hubble gets to see.  i cant wait!
I have a question that I've been thinking about for a while and I wonder if someone can answer it.

I have watched a lot of shows about astronomy and all of them say that space is speeding up as it expands.  It's like blowing up a ballon.  You put spots on the ballon and blow it up, all the spot go away from each other.  The spots represent galaxies.  They always mention that every galaxy is moving away from each other.  If this is the case, how do they collide then?  Are the colliding galaxies just local galaxies and should the spots on the ballon represent Local cluster of galaxies instead of a single galaxy like they make it sound?
The people's choice is an excellent one.  Crashing galaxies are very photogenic when seen in full color and I look forward to seeing the results next month.  That is so cool that we the people are being asked to make a Hubble photo shoot selection.
can't wait to see the new high res pics when they're released. perhaps hubble will find some new,interesting details. i'll be waiting...
ARP 87 is my new background! Thanks!
Soooo, what happens if your sun is at the end of one of those long tails whipping around and your star system gets, shall we say, left behind?
To elaborate on what Alan said to Dave, galaxies may look pretty solid, but they are almost entirely empty space. The stars are bright, but they are tiny compared to the space between them. Interestingly, "solid matter" is mostly empty space as well. The ratio of the size of atomic nuclei (the only "solid" part of matter) to the space between nuclei is about the same as the ratio of the size of stars to the space between them.
How do you know that these two galaxies are actually crashing into each other? Is it possible that there is actually a great deal more space between them than appears? If so, could it be possible that the mass/gravity between them is what is pulling out the "starry tails" even though they may be far apart?
Justin,

Even though space is expanding, galaxies can still move any direction within the expanding space.  So, when they say that galaxies are moving away from each other, it's a generalization that isn't always true.  Some galaxies can move toward each other.  It just means that the closing speed between the galaxies exceeds the speed at which space is expanding.
While the images that will come out of this will certainly be pretty, I sure hope the Space Telescope Science Institutes folks evaluated each potential target on the basis of scientific merit before selecting them for public vote.
Anyone on Earth can propose to use the Hubble Space Telescope, but the burden of justifying the observations from a "what scientific problems will this help us understand" point of view is EXTREMELY high. if you are not a professional astronomer, you will probably not know enough to make a good case for your proposal. Allowing the people to choose a target just because it looks neat conveys the wrong message of what science is about and why we invest considerable resources in missions like the Hubble Space Telescope.
So long as someone finds enough data in those images to write a few peer-reviewed papers, I think this is a great project. On the other hand it is a shame and waste of taxpayer money if it is taking up telescope time and not producing legitimate science.

Serge
dieterich@chara.gsu.edu
To Justin H:  The way it works is that galaxies that are "close" to each other will approach faster than the intervening space expands.

Suppose you and I are on two ends of a rubber strip.  The ends of the strip start to pull away from each other.  If we were to just stand there, we'd start to drift apart.  But if we walk toward each other, that drift would not happen as quickly and if we were to be moving toward each other faster than the strip is expanding, we'd actually get closer together.  For colliding galaxies, they are moving toward each other faster than the intervening space is expanding.

One of the things we seem to be observing is that the expansion of space is speeding up.  Thus, while galaxies can effectively collide now, they won't be able to in the future because the space between them will be expanding faster than any gravitational pull can bring them together.  If I recall correctly, there doesn't seem to be a limit to how quickly space can expand and thus even light won't be able to cross the distance.  Eventually, all the stars in the sky will wink out not because they're dead but because their light will be unable to reach us.
Anne, that's the process by which they'd "collide" in any event.  It's theoretically possible, but not likely, that they could "collide" and combine into one larger galaxy without any major bodies hitting each other.  Just gravity pulling systems into orbit.
Robb, STL
I’m not an expert on anything but I would think by the time you realized your star got left behind, you, me, and all our descendants would be long forgotten.
However, that would be kind of scary to think we could get left in the dust.
Just my thoughts.
Dave
This pic was my choice.  It appears to me that the lower galaxy is almost perpendicular to the upper one. This could be false but it sure looks like that.  I wonder what the spectral doppler light shows for what direction they are moving.
Can anyone give me an estimate of how fast galaxies move, and on what time scale these "collisions" occur? As a related question, I am curious about the speed of the rotation of a spiral galaxy. I found one site that estimated the speed of a star on the periphery of a galaxy to be about 200 km/sec. Sounds fast, but that would only allow 50 "orbits" in 16 billion years. Any comments?
Wow is that cool, glad it won, whats the chances of getting to watch two galaxies merge from the comfort of our own little corner.
looks like a butterfly!


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